![]() ![]() Although the MoCA test demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity when used at the recommended threshold of 26, a lower threshold than the original cut-off was also reported to be useful for optimal screening, as it lowers false positive rates and improves diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, in MS patients without subjective cognitive complaints, a cutoff of 27 could provide a better balance between the sensitivity and the specificity of the test. In patients with MS, the MoCA provides information on general cognitive functions disturbances. ![]() Nonetheless, more studies are required to examine the optimum cut-off score for detecting cognitive impairments in MS patients. Trapp BD, Ransohoff R, Rudick R (1999) Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurologic disability. Ĭhiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Zhang X, Zhang F, Huang D et al (2017) Contribution of gray and white matter abnormalities to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. ![]() Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F (1991) Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: frequency, patterns, and prediction. Sumowski JF, Benedict R, Enzinger C, Filippi M, Geurts JJ, Hamalainen P et al (2018) Cognition in multiple sclerosis: state of the field and priorities for the future. Īmato MP, Ponziani G, Siracusa G et al (2001) Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Īmato MP, Razzolini L, Goretti B et al (2013) Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Lacy M, Hauser M, Pliskin N et al (2013) The effects of long-term interferon-beta-1b treatment on cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis: a 16-year longitudinal study. Īchiron A, Chapman J, Magalashvili D, Dolev M, Lavie M, Bercovich E et al (2013) Modeling of cognitive impairment by disease duration in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. īrochet B, Ruet A (2019) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis with regards to disease duration and clinical phenotypes. Kalb R, Beier M, Benedict RH et al (2018) Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care. Īmato MP, Portaccio E, Goretti B et al (2010) Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relapsing remitting MS: a 3-year follow-up study. Lebrun C, Blanc F, Brassat D, Zephir H, de Seze J, CFSEP (2010) Cognitive function in radiologically isolated syndrome. Īmato MP, Hakiki B, Goretti B, Rossi F, Stromillo ML, Giorgio A et al (2012) Association of MRI metrics and cognitive impairment in radiologically isolated syndromes. Khalil M, Enzinger C, Langkammer C, Petrovic K, Loitfelder M, Tscherner M et al (2011) Cognitive impairment in relation to MRI metrics in patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Reuter F, Zaaraoui W, Crespy L, Faivre A, Rico A, Malikova I et al (2011) Cognitive impairment at the onset of multiple sclerosis: relationship to lesion location. Panou T, Mastorodemos V, Papadaki E, Simos PG, Plaitakis A (2012) Early signs of memory impairment among multiple sclerosis patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Ruano L, Portaccio E, Goretti B, Niccolai C, Severo M, Patti F et al (2017) Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes. Koubiyr I, Deloire M, Besson P et al (2020) Longitudinal study of functional brain network reorganization in clinically isolated syndrome. Planche V, Gibelin M, Cregut D, Pereira B, Clavelou P (2016) Cognitive impairment in a population-based study of patients with multiple sclerosis: differences between late relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. ![]()
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